{"id":54906,"date":"2018-03-17T09:00:21","date_gmt":"2018-03-17T01:00:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.trendmicro.com.tw\/?p=54906"},"modified":"2018-03-19T15:14:46","modified_gmt":"2018-03-19T07:14:46","slug":"%e5%88%a9%e7%94%a8-cpu-%e6%95%88%e8%83%bd%e8%a8%88%e6%95%b8%e5%99%a8%e4%be%86%e5%81%b5%e6%b8%ac-meltdown-%e5%92%8c-spectre-%e6%bc%8f%e6%b4%9e%e6%94%bb%e6%93%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.trendmicro.com.tw\/?p=54906","title":{"rendered":"\u5229\u7528 CPU \u6548\u80fd\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u4f86\u5075\u6e2c Meltdown \u548c Spectre \u6f0f\u6d1e\u653b\u64ca"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.trendmicro.com\/trendlabs-security-intelligence\/files\/2016\/04\/Vulnerability04-200x200.jpg\" \/>\u91dd\u5c0d\u77e5\u540d\u6f0f\u6d1e <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.trendmicro.com.tw\/?p=54831\">Meltdown \u548c Spectre<\/a> \u7684\u653b\u64ca\u76ee\u524d\u6216\u8a31\u4ecd\u5728<a href=\"https:\/\/www.techradar.com\/news\/new-meltdown-and-spectre-exploits-have-been-built-but-arent-in-the-wild-yet\">\u6982\u5ff5\u9a57\u8b49<\/a> (PoC) \u968e\u6bb5\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5982<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bleepingcomputer.com\/news\/security\/we-may-soon-see-malware-leveraging-the-meltdown-and-spectre-vulnerabilities\/\">\u67d0\u4e9b\u5831\u5c0e<\/a>\u6240\u8aaa\uff0c\u4ecd\u5728\u5be6\u9a57\u6027\u968e\u6bb5\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u6b79\u5f92\u7e3d\u6709\u4e00\u5929\u6703\u5b8c\u5168\u638c\u63e1\u9019\u4e9b\u6f0f\u6d1e\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u6642\u9593\u65e9\u665a\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002Meltdown \u548c Spectre \u6f0f\u6d1e\u7684\u5f71\u97ff<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.trendmicro.com.tw\/?p=54831\">\u975e\u5e38\u6df1\u9060<\/a>\uff0c\u5b83\u6700\u65e9\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f3 1995 \u5e74\u6240\u751f\u7522\u7684\u96fb\u8166\u3002\u6b64<a href=\"https:\/\/www.trendmicro.com\/vinfo\/us\/security\/news\/online-privacy\/meltdown-and-spectre-patch-or-be-fined-by-gdpr\">\u554f\u984c<\/a>\u5c0d\u4f01\u696d\u4f86\u8aaa\u5c24\u5176\u68d8\u624b\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u53d7\u5230<a href=\"https:\/\/www.trendmicro.com\/vinfo\/us\/security\/definition\/eu-general-data-protection-regulation-gdpr\">\u6b50\u76df\u901a\u7528\u8cc7\u6599\u4fdd\u8b77\u6cd5<\/a> (GDPR) \u6240\u898f\u7bc4\u7684\u4f01\u696d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f01\u696d\u9664\u4e86\u4fee\u88dc\u548c\u66f4\u65b0\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u4e00\u9ede\u4e5f\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u63a1\u53d6\u4e3b\u52d5\u7b56\u7565\u4f86\u641c\u5c0b\u3001\u5075\u6e2c\u3001\u56de\u61c9\u5a01\u8105\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u50cf Meltdown \u548c Spectre \u9019\u985e\u5f71\u97ff\u6df1\u9060\u7684\u5a01\u8105\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u91dd\u5c0d Meltdown \u548c Spectre \u6f0f\u6d1e\u653b\u64ca\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/trendmicrotaiwan\">\u8da8\u52e2\u79d1\u6280<\/a>\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u5229\u7528 Intel \u8655\u7406\u5668\u5167\u5efa\u6548\u80fd\u8a08\u6578\u5668 (Performance Counter) \u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u5075\u6e2c\u6280\u5de7\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u6703\u8a18\u9304\u5feb\u53d6\u5931\u8aa4\u7684\u6b21\u6578 (\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u61c9\u7528\u7a0b\u5f0f\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u4e0d\u5728\u5feb\u53d6\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u7576\u4e2d\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1)\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u6578\u64da\u53ef\u7528\u4f86\u5075\u6e2c Meltdown \u548c Spectre \u6f0f\u6d1e\u653b\u64ca\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u65bc\u9019\u5169\u500b\u6f0f\u6d1e\u90fd\u662f\u5229\u7528\u4eca\u65e5 CPU \u5728\u8a2d\u8a08\u4e0a\u6703\u70ba\u4e86\u63d0\u9ad8\u6548\u7387\u800c\u9810\u5148\u8f09\u5165\u4e26\u57f7\u884c\u4e00\u4e9b\u6307\u4ee4\u4ee5\u514d CPU \u9677\u5165\u7121\u4e8b\u53ef\u505a\u7684\u72c0\u614b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u7cfb\u7d71\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u8cc7\u5b89\u4eba\u54e1\u9664\u4e86\u59a5\u5584\u8a02\u5b9a\u4fee\u88dc\u653f\u7b56\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u9632\u7bc4\u4e4b\u9053\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u56e0\u53ef\u80fd\u5f71\u97ff\u7a69\u5b9a\u6027\u6216\u6548\u80fd\u800c\u7121\u6cd5\u5957\u7528\u4fee\u88dc\u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8acb\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/1802.03802.pdf\">MeltdownPrime \u548c SpectrePrime<\/a> \u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u5075\u6e2c\u5feb\u53d6\u65c1\u9053\u653b\u64ca (cache-side channel attack) \u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u52a0\u4ee5\u5075\u6e2c\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u53c3\u6578\u6709\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u6b64\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u5075\u6e2c Flush + Reload \u4ee5\u53ca Prime \u548c Probe \u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u653b\u64ca\u3002\u53ea\u662f\uff0c\u6b64\u65b9\u6cd5\u96d6\u5df2\u5728 Linux \u7cfb\u7d71\u5be6\u9a57\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u4f46\u5c1a\u672a\u5728 Mac \u7cfb\u7d71\u4e0a\u6e2c\u8a66\u904e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Spectre SGX (<a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/1802.09085.pdf\">SgxPectre<\/a>) \u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u7528\u4f86\u6d29\u6f0f\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u5b89\u5168\u5340\u57df (secure enclave) \u5167\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u3002\u6839\u64da Intel \u7684 <a href=\"https:\/\/software.intel.com\/sites\/default\/files\/managed\/48\/88\/329298-002.pdf\">SGX \u7a0b\u5f0f\u8a2d\u8a08\u624b\u518a<\/a>\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u6548\u80fd\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u5728 SGX \u5b89\u5168\u5340\u57df\u5167\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u88ab\u505c\u7528\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u5feb\u53d6\u6642\u9593\u5dee\u653b\u64ca\u662f\u5728 SGX \u5b89\u5168\u5340\u57df\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u975e\u4fe1\u4efb\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u4e2d\u57f7\u884c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6548\u80fd\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u4ecd\u6703\u6709\u95dc\u65bc\u5feb\u53d6\u547d\u4e2d (Hit) \u548c\u5931\u8aa4 (Miss) \u7684\u6578\u64da\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u61c9\u8a72\u9084\u662f\u6709\u8fa6\u6cd5\u5075\u6e2c\u3002\u95dc\u65bc\u9019\u9ede\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e26\u672a\u5b8c\u6574\u6e2c\u8a66\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7121\u6cd5\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u767e\u78ba\u8a8d\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u53c3\u6578 (\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u53d6\u6a23\u7387\u3001\u9580\u6abb\u7b49\u7b49) \u5247\u61c9\u8996\u74b0\u5883\u800c\u6709\u6240\u5dee\u7570\u3002<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Meltdown \u548c Spectre \u5982\u4f55\u5229\u7528\u8655\u7406\u5668\u9810\u6e2c\u57f7\u884c\u7684\u7279\u6027?<\/strong><\/em><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/meltdownattack.com\/meltdown.pdf\"><strong>Meltdown<\/strong><\/a> \u6f0f\u6d1e\u662f\u5229\u7528 CPU \u5728\u9810\u6e2c\u57f7\u884c\u6642\u6703\u7121\u8996\u6b0a\u9650\u898f\u5b9a\uff0c\u5c07\u539f\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u6b0a\u9650\u5b58\u53d6\u7684\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u8cc7\u6599\u8f09\u5165\u5feb\u53d6\u7576\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6b79\u5f92\u80fd\u5920\u5229\u7528\u5feb\u53d6\u65c1\u9053\u653b\u64ca\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53d6\u5f97\u9019\u4e9b\u8cc7\u6599\u3002\u63a5\u8457 CPU \u624d\u6703\u767c\u73fe\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u6c92\u6709\u9069\u7576\u6b0a\u9650\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u5c07\u904b\u7b97\u7d50\u679c\u62cb\u68c4\u3002\u4f46\u6b64\u6642\u5df2\u7d93\u8f09\u5165\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u9084\u662f\u6703\u7559\u5728\u672b\u968e\u5feb\u53d6 (Last-Level Cache\uff0c\u7c21\u7a31 LLC) \u7576\u4e2d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u624d\u6703\u8b93\u99ed\u5ba2\u6709\u6a5f\u6703\u53d6\u5f97\u9019\u4e9b\u8cc7\u6599\u3002<!--more--><\/p>\n<p>\u8acb\u770b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u9019\u9053\u6307\u4ee4\uff1a<br \/>\n<em>mov rax, [forbiddenAddress]<\/em><br \/>\n<em>\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u7576\u9019\u884c\u6307\u4ee4\u57f7\u884c\u6642\uff0cCPU \u6703\u53bb forbiddenAddress (\u4e0d\u61c9\u5b58\u53d6\u7684\u4f4d\u5740) \u8b80\u53d6\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u7522\u751f\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u5206\u9801\u932f\u8aa4 (page fault)\uff0c\u63a5\u8457\u7cfb\u7d71\u6703\u767c\u51fa SIGSEGV (\u5206\u6bb5\u9055\u898f) \u932f\u8aa4\u8a0a\u865f\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u7d42\u6b62\u57f7\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f (\u7cfb\u7d71\u9810\u8a2d\u7684\u8655\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f)\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u99ed\u5ba2\u6703\u5e6b SIGSEGV \u932f\u8aa4\u8a0a\u865f\u8a3b\u518a\u4e00\u500b\u81ea\u8a02\u8655\u7406\u51fd\u5f0f\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u5c31\u80fd\u5728\u4e0d\u8b93\u61c9\u7528\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7d50\u675f\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\u4e0b\u8b80\u53d6\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u5167\u5bb9\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u9019\u4e9b\u932f\u8aa4\u8a0a\u865f\u9084\u662f\u6703\u5728\u4f5c\u696d\u7cfb\u7d71\u7576\u4e2d\u7559\u4e0b\u8a18\u9304\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53ea\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u8a18\u9304\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 Intel \u7684 <a href=\"https:\/\/software.intel.com\/en-us\/node\/524022\">Transactional Synchronization Extensions (TSX)<\/a> \u4ea4\u6613\u540c\u6b65\u5ef6\u4f38\u6307\u4ee4\u96c6\u4f86\u6e05\u9664\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u6307\u4ee4\u662f\u7528\u4f86\u8b93 CPU \u8655\u7406\u57f7\u884c\u7dd2\u5e8f\u5217\u5316\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\uff0c\u99ed\u5ba2\u6703\u4f7f\u7528 <a href=\"https:\/\/software.intel.com\/en-us\/node\/524025\">Restrictive Transactional Memory (RTM)<\/a> \u9650\u5236\u4ea4\u6613\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u4ecb\u9762\u3002Meltdown \u653b\u64ca\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc (\u5982\u4e0b\u6240\u793a) \u7684\u958b\u982d\u548c\u7d50\u5c3e\u5206\u5225\u6703\u6709 <em>xbegin<\/em><em>\u3001<\/em><em>xend<\/em> \u5169\u9053\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u9019\u4f7f\u5f97\u8655\u7406\u5668\u4e0d\u6703\u7522\u751f\u5206\u9801\u932f\u8aa4\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c11\u6389\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e72\u64fe\uff0c\u8b93 Meltdown \u653b\u64ca\u57f7\u884c\u6642\u66f4\u52a0\u8fc5\u901f\uff1a<br \/>\nxbegin<br \/>\nmov rax, [forbiddenAddress]<br \/>\n\u2026<br \/>\nxend<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/spectreattack.com\/spectre.pdf\"><strong>Spectre<\/strong><\/a> \u540c\u6a23\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5229\u7528 CPU \u9810\u6e2c\u57f7\u884c\u7279\u6027\u7684\u6f0f\u6d1e\u653b\u64ca\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u8207 Meltdown \u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0cSpectre \u6240\u8b80\u53d6\u7684\u662f\u689d\u4ef6\u5206\u652f\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u7576\u4e2d\u4e0d\u61c9\u5b58\u53d6\u7684\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u4f4d\u5740\u3002\u800c\u9019\u500b\u689d\u4ef6\u5206\u652f\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u4e0d\u61c9\u57f7\u884c\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u65bc\u4eca\u65e5\u7684 CPU \u6703\u5229\u7528\u5206\u652f\u9810\u6e2c\u5668\u4f86\u9810\u6e2c\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u6703\u57f7\u884c\u54ea\u4e00\u500b\u5206\u652f\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u9810\u5148\u8f09\u5165\u8a72\u5206\u652f\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u4f86\u57f7\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u4ee5\u4e00\u6bb5\u975e\u5e38\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u7bc4\u4f8b\u7a0b\u5f0f\u4f86\u8aaa\u660e Spectre \u7684\u653b\u64ca\uff1a<br \/>\n<em>\u2026<\/em><br \/>\n<em>mov rax, [rbp-10] \/\/ rax eq.5<\/em><br \/>\n<em>mov rbx, [rbp-18] \/\/ rbx eq.4<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>xor rax, rbx<\/em><br \/>\n<em>je\u00a0no_way<\/em><br \/>\n<em>\u2026<\/em><br \/>\n<em>ret<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>no_way:<\/em><br \/>\n<em>\u00a0\u00a0mov rax, [forbiddenAddress]<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u99ed\u5ba2\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u662f\u8981\u8b93\u5206\u652f\u9810\u6e2c\u5668\u300c\u731c\u932f\u300d\u5206\u652f\u689d\u4ef6 (\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f XOR \u904b\u7b97) \u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u9019\u6a23 CPU \u5c31\u6703\u9810\u5148\u8f09\u5165\u300cno_way\u300d\u90a3\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u4f86\u57f7\u884c\u3002\u7576 CPU \u767c\u73fe\u5176\u9810\u6e2c\u7d50\u679c\u932f\u8aa4\u6642\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u62cb\u68c4\u9810\u6e2c\u57f7\u884c\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u4f46\u99ed\u5ba2\u5c31\u80fd\u5230\u5feb\u53d6\u7576\u4e2d\u53bb\u53d6\u5f97\u60f3\u8981\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u6b64\u4e00\u60c5\u6cc1\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u767c\u751f\u5728 CPU \u5167\u90e8\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u6703\u7522\u751f\u5206\u9801\u932f\u8aa4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9664\u4e86\u4e0a\u8ff0\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u99ed\u5ba2\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5feb\u53d6\u65c1\u9053\u653b\u64ca\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u53d6\u5f97\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u6b64\u6642\u4f5c\u696d\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e0d\u6703\u6536\u5230\u932f\u8aa4\u8a0a\u865f\u3002\u8acb\u6ce8\u610f\uff0cSpectre \u6f0f\u6d1e\u7684\u653b\u64ca\u6280\u5de7\u96e3\u5ea6\u66f4\u9ad8\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u56e0\u70ba\u4e0d\u540c CPU \u7684\u5206\u652f\u9810\u6e2c\u5668\u6703\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5c07\u53d7\u9650\u65bc\u67d0\u4e9b CPU \u578b\u865f\u624d\u80fd\u9069\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>\u5229\u7528\u5feb\u53d6\u5931\u8aa4\u4f86\u5075\u6e2c Meltdown \u548c Spectre \u653b\u64ca<\/strong><\/em><br \/>\n\u7531\u65bc Meltdown \u6703\u56e0\u70ba\u5206\u9801\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u800c\u7559\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e9b\u653b\u64ca\u75d5\u8de1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u85c9\u7531\u6838\u5fc3\u8ffd\u8e64 (kernel tracing) \u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u6514\u622a\u5206\u9801\u932f\u8aa4\u8a0a\u865f\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u5075\u6e2c\u653b\u64ca\u3002\u6211\u5011\u6514\u622a\u7684\u662f\u4f5c\u696d\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684 SIGSEGV \u8a0a\u865f <em>(segfaults<\/em>)\u3002\u7576\u67d0\u500b\u57f7\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7522\u751f\u592a\u591a\u7684 <em>segfaults<\/em>\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u89f8\u767c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u8b66\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u5728 Linux \u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kernel.org\/doc\/Documentation\/trace\/kprobetrace.txt\">kprobe<\/a> \u5de5\u5177\u4f86\u6514\u622a <em>force_sig_info\u00a0<\/em> \u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u6211\u5011\u78ba\u5b9a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u81ea\u8a02\u7684\u8a0a\u865f\u8655\u7406\u51fd\u5f0f\u4f86\u5075\u6e2c Meltdown \u653b\u64ca\u3002\u6b64\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8aa4\u5224\u7387\u76f8\u7576\u4f4e\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u55ae\u4e00\u57f7\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7522\u751f\u5927\u91cf SIGSEGV \u8a0a\u865f\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u975e\u6bd4\u5c0b\u5e38\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u975e\u5e38\u53ef\u7591\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u99ed\u5ba2\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u662f TSX \u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u4e0d\u6703\u7522\u751f SIGSEV \u8a0a\u865f\uff0c\u90a3\u9019\u5957\u5075\u6e2c\u6a5f\u5236\u5c31\u7121\u6cd5\u767c\u63ee\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Meltdown \u548c Spectre \u90fd\u6703\u4f7f\u7528\u5feb\u53d6\u65c1\u9053\u653b\u64ca\u4f86\u8b80\u53d6\u60f3\u8981\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u9019\u5728\u4eca\u65e5 CPU \u7684\u5fae\u67b6\u69cb\u8a2d\u8a08\u4e0b\u662f\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u653b\u64ca\u6709\u8fa6\u6cd5\u5075\u6e2c\u55ce\uff1f\u5feb\u53d6\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u6e1b\u5c11\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u8f09\u5165\u7684\u5ef6\u9072\uff0c\u4eca\u65e5 CPU \u90fd\u63a1\u7528\u591a\u968e\u5f0f\u5feb\u53d6\u67b6\u69cb\uff0c\u6700\u5feb\u7684\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u968e (L1) \u5feb\u53d6\uff0c\u6700\u6162\u7684\u662f\u7b2c\u4e09\u968e (L3) \u5feb\u53d6\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u5feb\u53d6\u63a1\u7528\u7684\u662f\u5927\u5305\u5c0f\u7684\u8a2d\u8a08 (L<sub>i<\/sub>\u2282L<sub>i+1<\/sub>)\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0cL1 \u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u4e5f\u5305\u542b\u5728 L2 \u7576\u4e2d\uff0cL2 \u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u4e5f\u5305\u542b\u5728 L3 \u7576\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b64\u5916\uff0cL3 \u5feb\u53d6\u9084\u662f\u5404 CPU \u6838\u5fc3\u6240\u5171\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u50c5\u5305\u542b\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u4e5f\u5305\u542b\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u906d\u5230\u653b\u64ca\u3002L3 \u5feb\u53d6\u662f CPU \u5728\u5b58\u53d6\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4 (DRAM) \u4e4b\u524d\u641c\u5c0b\u7684\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u9053\u5feb\u53d6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u5305\u542b DRAM \u4f4d\u5740\u5c0d\u61c9\u8cc7\u6599\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.trendmicro.com\/trendlabs-security-intelligence\/files\/2018\/03\/spectre-meltdown-poc-1.png\" \/><br \/>\n<em>\u5716 1\uff1a\u4eca\u65e5 CPU \u67b6\u69cb\uff1a\u591a\u6838\u5fc3\u548c L3 \u5feb\u53d6\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u7576 CPU \u5728\u8b80\u53d6\u4e00\u500b\u5df2\u7d93\u5728\u5feb\u53d6\u7576\u4e2d\u7684\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u8cc7\u6599\u6642 (\u5feb\u53d6\u547d\u4e2d)\uff0c\u5176\u901f\u5ea6\u9060\u6bd4\u5fc5\u9808\u5230 DRAM \u7576\u4e2d\u8f09\u5165 (\u5feb\u53d6\u5931\u8aa4) \u5feb\u4e0a\u8a31\u591a\u3002\u7406\u8ad6\u4e0a\uff0c\u99ed\u5ba2\u53ef\u5224\u65b7\u5feb\u53d6\u547d\u4e2d\u548c\u5feb\u53d6\u5931\u8aa4\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5728\u653b\u64ca\u6642\u5229\u7528\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u4f86\u50b3\u8f38\u8cc7\u6599\u3002\u4f9d\u7167\u908f\u8f2f\uff0c\u99ed\u5ba2\u653b\u64ca\u6642\u6703\u9020\u6210\u5feb\u53d6\u5931\u8aa4\u6b21\u6578\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u4f46\u5feb\u53d6\u5931\u8aa4\u6b21\u6578\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u53d6\u5f97\u4e26\u7528\u65bc\u5075\u6e2c\u653b\u64ca\uff1f\u5982\u4f55\u5340\u5206\u60e1\u610f\u548c\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u8aa4\u5224\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u5feb\u53d6\u5931\u8aa4\u7684\u6b21\u6578\u53ef\u900f\u904e\u786c\u9ad4\u6548\u80fd\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u4f86\u53d6\u5f97\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0cIntel \u8655\u7406\u5668\u7684\u6548\u80fd\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u5206\u70ba\u67b6\u69cb\u901a\u7528\u548c\u578b\u865f\u7279\u5b9a\u5169\u7a2e\u3002\u67b6\u69cb\u901a\u7528\u7684\u6548\u80fd\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u5fae\u67b6\u69cb\u4e4b\u9593\u662f\u901a\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u5f9e Intel Core Solo \u548c Intel Core Duo \u8655\u7406\u5668\u6642\u4ee3\u5373\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u67b6\u69cb\u901a\u7528\u6548\u80fd\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u53ef\u900f\u904e\u00a0\u300ccpuid\u300d<em>\u00a0<\/em>\u6307\u4ee4 (eax=0x7, ecx=0x0) \u4f86\u6aa2\u67e5\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u6839\u64da\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6e2c\u8a66\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u57f7\u884c intel_cpu_info \u5de5\u5177 (\u53c3\u6578 -arch) \u6240\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff1a<br \/>\nPrinting architectural CPU Information:<br \/>\nVersion ID of architectural performance monitoring = 4<br \/>\nNumber of general-purpose performance monitoring counter per logical processor = 4<br \/>\nBit width of general-purpose, performance monitoring counter = 48<br \/>\nLength of EBX bit vector to enumerate architectural performance monitoring events = 7<br \/>\nCore cycle event available: yes<br \/>\nInstruction retired event available: yes<br \/>\nReference cycles event available: yes<br \/>\nLast-level cache reference event available: yes<br \/>\nLast-level cache misses event available: yes<br \/>\nBranch instruction retired event available: yes<br \/>\nBranch mispredict retired event available: yes<br \/>\nNumber of fixed-function performance counters ((if Version ID &gt; 1) = 3<br \/>\nBit width of fixed-function performance counters (if Version ID &gt; 1) = 48<\/p>\n<p>\u91dd\u5c0d\u672b\u968e\u5feb\u53d6 (LLC)\uff0c\u8acb\u7279\u5225\u7559\u610f LLC references (LLC \u53c3\u7167) \u548c LLC misses (LLC \u5931\u8aa4) \u5169\u500b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u6839\u64da Intel \u624b\u518a\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Last Level Cache References (\u672b\u968e\u5feb\u53d6\u53c3\u7167)<\/strong>\u2013 \u4e8b\u4ef6\u9078\u53d6\uff1a2EH\uff0cUmask\uff1a4FH\u3002\u6b64\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6703\u8a18\u9304 CPU \u6838\u5fc3\u53c3\u7167 LLC \u7684\u6b21\u6578\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>Last Level Cache Misses (\u672b\u968e\u5feb\u53d6\u5931\u8aa4)<\/strong>\u2013 \u4e8b\u4ef6\u9078\u53d6\uff1a2EH\uff0cUmask\uff1a41H\u3002\u6b64\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6703\u8a18\u9304 CPU \u6838\u5fc3\u53c3\u7167 LLC \u6642\u767c\u751f\u5feb\u53d6\u5931\u8aa4\u7684\u6b21\u6578\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u70ba\u4e86\u8b80\u53d6 LLC \u5931\u8aa4\u6b21\u6578\uff0c\u9810\u5148\u6aa2\u67e5\u6548\u80fd\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u865b\u64ec\u74b0\u5883\u5e95\u4e0b\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e5f\u9700\u8981 CPU \u548c\u4f5c\u696d\u7cfb\u7d71\u6838\u5fc3\u652f\u63f4\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u8b80\u53d6\u9019\u4e9b\u6578\u503c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u8b80\u53d6\u9019\u4e9b\u6578\u503c\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u7121\u6cd5\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u57f7\u884c (\u5fc5\u9808\u5728\u6838\u5fc3\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u57f7\u884c)\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u9084\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u500b\u61c9\u7528\u7a0b\u5f0f\u4f86\u5f9e\u6838\u5fc3\u53d6\u5f97\u9019\u4e9b\u6578\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.trendmicro.com\/trendlabs-security-intelligence\/files\/2018\/03\/spectre-meltdown-poc-2.png\" \/><br \/>\n<em>\u5716 2\uff1a\u6aa2\u67e5\u6548\u80fd\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u6240\u9700\u7684\u8981\u7d20\uff1aCPU \u652f\u63f4\u3001\u4f5c\u696d\u7cfb\u7d71\u6838\u5fc3\u652f\u63f4\u3001\u61c9\u7528\u7a0b\u5f0f\u652f\u63f4\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u5728 Linux \u74b0\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u300cperf\u300d\u6548\u80fd\u5206\u6790\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u5e73\u53f0\u5247\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u85c9\u7531\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u9a45\u52d5\u7a0b\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53ea\u8981\u57f7\u884c\u300cperf list\u300d\u6307\u4ee4\u5c31\u80fd\u5217\u51fa\u7cfb\u7d71\u53ef\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002LLC \u53c3\u7167\u8207 LLC \u5931\u8aa4\u5169\u500b\u9805\u76ee\u5206\u5225\u7a31\u70ba\u300ccache-misses\u300d\u548c\u300ccache-references\u300d\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6839\u64da Intel \u7684\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u300cperf stat -e r4f2e,r412e\u300d\u9019\u9053\u6307\u4ee4\u4f86\u8b80\u53d6 LLC \u53c3\u7167\u548c LLC \u5931\u8aa4\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u4ed6 LLC\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u9084\u6709\u300cLLC-loads\u300d(LLC \u8f09\u5165) \u548c\u300cLLC-load-misses\u300d(LLC \u8f09\u5165\u5931\u8aa4)\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u9019\u5169\u500b\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u8996 CPU \u578b\u865f\u800c\u5b9a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u7121\u6cd5\u53d6\u5f97\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u96fb\u8166\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u662f Sandy Bridge \u5fae\u67b6\u69cb\u7684 CPU\uff0c\u5c31\u7121\u6cd5\u53d6\u5f97 LLC-load-misses \u8a08\u6578\u5668\uff0c\u4f46 LLC-loads \u9084\u662f\u6c92\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.trendmicro.com\/trendlabs-security-intelligence\/files\/2018\/03\/spectre-meltdown-poc-3.png\" \/><br \/>\n<em>\u5716 3\uff1a\u5be6\u9ad4 CPU \u7684\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u6709\u578b\u865f\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u6b64\u5916\uff0cVMware \u865b\u64ec\u6a5f\u5668\u4e5f\u4e0d\u63d0\u4f9b\u9019\u4e9b\u8a08\u6578\u5668\uff0c\u5c31\u7b97\u555f\u7528\u300c<a href=\"https:\/\/kb.vmware.com\/s\/article\/2030221\">Virtual CPU Performance Monitoring Counters<\/a>\u300d(\u865b\u64ec CPU \u6548\u80fd\u8a08\u6578\u5668) \u9078\u9805\u4e5f\u6c92\u7528\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u9084\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d6\u5f97\u300cLLC \u53c3\u7167\u300d\u548c\u300cLLC \u5931\u8aa4\u300d\u5169\u500b\u6578\u64da\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.trendmicro.com\/trendlabs-security-intelligence\/files\/2018\/03\/spectre-meltdown-poc-4.png\" \/><br \/>\n<em>\u5716 4\uff1a\u5be6\u9ad4 CPU \u7684\u6548\u80fd\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u6709\u578b\u865f\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u6703\u5efa\u8b70\u5148\u4f7f\u7528\u300cperf stat\u300d\u6307\u4ee4\u4f86\u6e2c\u8a66\u770b\u770b\u3002\u7576\u60c5\u6cc1\u5141\u8a31\u6642\uff0cLLC references\u3001LLC misses \u4ee5\u53ca LLC-loads\u3001LLC-load-misses \u56db\u500b\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u6211\u5011\u90fd\u6703\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u6e2c\u8a66\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u71b1\u9580\u96f2\u7aef\u5e73\u53f0\u7684 Linux \u865b\u64ec\u6a5f\u5668\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e9b\u865b\u64ec\u6a5f\u5668\u5927\u591a\u4e0d\u63d0\u4f9b\u6216\u4e0d\u652f\u63f4\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>\u5075\u6e2c\u6e2c\u8a66<\/strong><\/em><br \/>\n\u70ba\u4e86\u78ba\u8a8d\u5feb\u53d6\u5931\u8aa4\u662f\u5426\u771f\u80fd\u7528\u4f86\u5075\u6e2c\u65c1\u9053\u653b\u64ca\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u63a1\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684 LLC \u6548\u80fd\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u53ca\u8a2d\u5b9a\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u6211\u5011\u91dd\u5c0d\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u908f\u8f2f CPU \u8a2d\u5b9a\u4e86\u5169\u500b perf \u4e8b\u4ef6 (LLC-references \u548c LLC-misses)\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u8b80\u53d6\u6bcf\u500b CPU \u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u57f7\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u548c\u57f7\u884c\u7dd2\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u6578\u64da\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5728\u6ea2\u6d41\u53d6\u6a23\u671f\u9593\u300cP\u300d\u4e4b\u5f8c\u8b80\u53d6\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u6578\u503c\u3002\u63a5\u8457\u6211\u5011\u6bd4\u8f03 LLC \u5931\u8aa4\u7387\uff1a<\/li>\n<li>\u7576 MR &gt; 0.99 \u6642\u5373\u4ee3\u8868\u5075\u6e2c\u5230\u653b\u64ca\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6211\u5011\u6e2c\u8a66\u4e86\u5169\u500b\u53d6\u6a23\u671f\u9593\uff1aP<sub>1<\/sub>=10,000\uff0cP<sub>2<\/sub>=20,000\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u4f7f\u7528\u5be6\u9ad4\u6a5f\u5668\u6e2c\u8a66\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u60c5\u6cc1\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u6bcf\u9053\u58d3\u529b\u6e2c\u8a66\u6307\u4ee4\u8dd1\u5169\u5206\u9418 (\u6307\u4ee4\u4e2d\u7684\u300c#\u300d\u4ee3\u8868\u908f\u8f2f CPU \u6578\u91cf)\n<ol>\n<li><em>stress -c #<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>stress -i #<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>stress -m #<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>stress -d #<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>stress -c #<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>stress -c # -i # -d #<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>stress -c # -I # -d # -m #<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u4f7f\u7528 VLC \u64ad\u653e 4K \u5f71\u7247<\/li>\n<li>\u767c\u52d5 Meltdown \u6982\u5ff5\u9a57\u8b49\u653b\u64ca<\/li>\n<li>\u767c\u52d5 Spectre \u6982\u5ff5\u9a57\u8b49\u653b\u64ca<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u91dd\u5c0d LLC-references \u548c LLC-misses \u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u6e2c\u8a66\u7d50\u679c\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><em><u>\u5be6\u9ad4\u6a5f\u5668 1<\/u><\/em><br \/>\n\u53d6\u6a23\u671f\u9593\uff1aP<sub>1<\/sub>=10,000<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u53ea\u6709\u7576\u58d3\u529b\u6e2c\u8a66\u6307\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u300c-m\u300d\u53c3\u6578\u6642\uff0c\u624d\u6703\u7522\u751f\u8aa4\u5224\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u64ad\u653e 4K \u5f71\u7247\u6703\u7522\u751f\u8aa4\u5224\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6210\u529f\u5075\u6e2c\u5230 Meltdown \u6982\u5ff5\u9a57\u8b49\u653b\u64ca\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6210\u529f\u5075\u6e2c\u5230 Spectre \u6982\u5ff5\u9a57\u8b49\u653b\u64ca\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u53d6\u6a23\u671f\u9593\uff1aP<sub>2<\/sub>=20,000<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u53ea\u6709\u7576\u58d3\u529b\u6e2c\u8a66\u6307\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u300c-m\u300d\u53c3\u6578\u6642\uff0c\u624d\u6703\u7522\u751f\u8aa4\u5224\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u64ad\u653e 4K \u5f71\u7247\u300c\u4e0d\u6703\u300d\u9020\u6210\u4efb\u4f55\u8aa4\u5224\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6210\u529f\u5075\u6e2c\u5230 Meltdown \u6982\u5ff5\u9a57\u8b49\u653b\u64ca\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6210\u529f\u5075\u6e2c\u5230 Spectre \u6982\u5ff5\u9a57\u8b49\u653b\u64ca\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>\u5716 5\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u6548\u80fd\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u4f86\u5075\u6e2c Spectre \u6982\u5ff5\u9a57\u8b49\u653b\u64ca\u7684\u7bc4\u4f8b\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><u>\u5be6\u9ad4\u6a5f\u5668 2\uff1a<\/u><\/em><br \/>\n\u53d6\u6a23\u671f\u9593\uff1aP<sub>1<\/sub>=10,000<br \/>\n1) \u53ea\u6709\u7576\u58d3\u529b\u6e2c\u8a66\u6307\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u300c-m\u300d\u53c3\u6578\u6642\uff0c\u624d\u6703\u7522\u751f\u8aa4\u5224\u3002<br \/>\n2) \u64ad\u653e 4K \u5f71\u7247\u6703\u7522\u751f\u8aa4\u5224\u3002<br \/>\n3) \u6210\u529f\u5075\u6e2c\u5230 Meltdown \u6982\u5ff5\u9a57\u8b49\u653b\u64ca\u3002<br \/>\n4) \u6210\u529f\u5075\u6e2c\u5230 Spectre \u6982\u5ff5\u9a57\u8b49\u653b\u64ca\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53d6\u6a23\u671f\u9593\uff1aP<sub>2<\/sub>=20,000<br \/>\n1) \u53ea\u6709\u7576\u58d3\u529b\u6e2c\u8a66\u6307\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u300c-m\u300d\u53c3\u6578\u6642\uff0c\u624d\u6703\u7522\u751f\u8aa4\u5224\u3002<br \/>\n2) \u64ad\u653e 4K \u5f71\u7247\u300c\u4e0d\u6703\u300d\u7522\u751f\u8aa4\u5224\u3002<br \/>\n3) \u6210\u529f\u5075\u6e2c\u5230 Meltdown \u6982\u5ff5\u9a57\u8b49\u653b\u64ca\u3002<br \/>\n4) \u6210\u529f\u5075\u6e2c\u5230 Spectre \u6982\u5ff5\u9a57\u8b49\u653b\u64ca\u3002<\/p>\n<p><em><u>\u865b\u64ec\u6a5f\u5668 1\uff1a<\/u><\/em><br \/>\n\u53d6\u6a23\u671f\u9593\uff1aP<sub>1<\/sub>=10,000<br \/>\n1) \u53ea\u6709\u7576\u58d3\u529b\u6e2c\u8a66\u6307\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u300c-m\u300d\u53c3\u6578\u6642\uff0c\u624d\u6703\u7522\u751f\u8aa4\u5224\u3002<br \/>\n2) \u672a\u6e2c\u8a66\u3002<br \/>\n3) \u6210\u529f\u5075\u6e2c\u5230 Meltdown \u6982\u5ff5\u9a57\u8b49\u653b\u64ca\u3002<br \/>\n4) \u6210\u529f\u5075\u6e2c\u5230 Spectre \u6982\u5ff5\u9a57\u8b49\u653b\u64ca\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53d6\u6a23\u671f\u9593\uff1aP<sub>2<\/sub>=20,000<br \/>\n1) \u53ea\u6709\u7576\u58d3\u529b\u6e2c\u8a66\u6307\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u300c-m\u300d\u53c3\u6578\u6642\uff0c\u624d\u6703\u7522\u751f\u8aa4\u5224\u3002<br \/>\n2) \u672a\u6e2c\u8a66\u3002<br \/>\n3) \u6210\u529f\u5075\u6e2c\u5230 Meltdown \u6982\u5ff5\u9a57\u8b49\u653b\u64ca\u3002<br \/>\n4) \u6210\u529f\u5075\u6e2c\u5230 Spectre \u6982\u5ff5\u9a57\u8b49\u653b\u64ca\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u91dd\u5c0d LLC-loads \u548c LLC-load-misses \u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u6e2c\u8a66\u7d50\u679c\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><em><u>\u5be6\u9ad4\u6a5f\u5668 1<\/u>\u00a0<\/em>\u2013 \u8a72\u6a5f\u5668\u4e0d\u63d0\u4f9b\u9019\u4e9b\u6548\u80fd\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n<p><em><u>\u5be6\u9ad4\u6a5f\u5668 2<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u53d6\u6a23\u671f\u9593\uff1aP<sub>1<\/sub>=10,000<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u53ea\u6709\u7576\u58d3\u529b\u6e2c\u8a66\u6307\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u300c-m\u300d\u53c3\u6578\u6642\uff0c\u624d\u6703\u7522\u751f\u8aa4\u5224\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u64ad\u653e 4K \u5f71\u7247\u300c\u4e0d\u6703\u300d\u7522\u751f\u8aa4\u5224\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6210\u529f\u5075\u6e2c\u5230 Meltdown \u6982\u5ff5\u9a57\u8b49\u653b\u64ca\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6210\u529f\u5075\u6e2c\u5230 Spectre \u6982\u5ff5\u9a57\u8b49\u653b\u64ca\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u53d6\u6a23\u671f\u9593\uff1aP<sub>2<\/sub>=20,000<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u53ea\u6709\u7576\u58d3\u529b\u6e2c\u8a66\u6307\u4ee4\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u300c-m\u300d\u53c3\u6578\u6642\uff0c\u624d\u6703\u7522\u751f\u8aa4\u5224\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u64ad\u653e 4K \u5f71\u7247\u300c\u4e0d\u6703\u300d\u7522\u751f\u8aa4\u5224\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6210\u529f\u5075\u6e2c\u5230 Meltdown \u6982\u5ff5\u9a57\u8b49\u653b\u64ca\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6210\u529f\u5075\u6e2c\u5230 Spectre \u6982\u5ff5\u9a57\u8b49\u653b\u64ca\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em><u>\u865b\u64ec\u6a5f\u5668 1<\/u>\u00a0<\/em>\u2013 \u8a72\u6a5f\u5668\u4e0d\u63d0\u4f9b\u9019\u4e9b\u6548\u80fd\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6e2c\u8a66\u74b0\u5883\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><u>\u5be6\u9ad4\u6a5f\u5668 1\uff1a<\/u>Core i5-2430M @2.40GHz\uff0cSandy Bridge\uff0cUbuntu 14.04<\/li>\n<li><u>\u5be6\u9ad4\u6a5f\u5668 2\uff1a<\/u>Core i7-4600U @2.10GHz\uff0cHaswell\uff0cUbuntu 14.04<\/li>\n<li><u>\u865b\u64ec\u6a5f\u5668 1\uff1a<\/u>VMware ESX VM\uff0c\u4e3b\u6a5f\uff1aIntel Xeon E5-2660 @2.2GHz\uff0cSandy Bridge\uff0cUbuntu 16.04<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>vpmc.enable = \u201cTRUE\u201d<br \/>\nvpmc.freezeMode = \u201cvcpu\u201d<br \/>\n<strong><em>\u8aa4\u5224<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\n\u6839\u64da\u6211\u5011\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\uff0c\u53d6\u6a23\u671f\u9593\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u5230\u662f\u5426\u7522\u751f\u8aa4\u5224\u3002\u7576\u4f7f\u7528\u300cstress -m\u300d\u6307\u4ee4\u6642\uff0c\u8aa4\u5224\u4e00\u5b9a\u6703\u7522\u751f\u3002\u6211\u5011\u67e5\u770b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e0b\u300cstress\u300d\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u8aaa\u660e\u6587\u4ef6\u767c\u73fe\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>-m, \u2013vm N<br \/>\n\u6703\u7522\u751f N \u500b\u5de5\u4f5c\u7dd2\u4e0d\u65b7\u547c\u53eb malloc()\/free() \u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u5206\u914d\/\u91cb\u653e\u51fd\u5f0f\u3002<br \/>\n\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u4e0d\u4ee4\u4eba\u610f\u5916\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u4e4b\u524d\u63d0\u5230 LLC \u8207\u5be6\u9ad4\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u5f7c\u6b64\u76f8\u95dc\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5efa\u8b70\u5728\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u5206\u914d\u983b\u7e41\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u7576\u4e2d\u6e2c\u8a66\u6642\u8981\u66f4\u52a0\u5c0f\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u767c\u73fe LLC-loads \u548c LLC-load-misses \u5169\u9805\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u8f03\u70ba\u7cbe\u6e96\u3002\u4e0d\u904e LLC references (cache-references) \u548c LLC misses (cache-misses) \u9084\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<table  class=\" table table-hover\" width=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"100\"><strong>\u5075\u6e2c<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>\u6280\u5de7<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"100\"><strong>\u907f\u514d\u7522\u751f\u4f8b\u5916\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"100\"><strong>\u4fdd\u8b77<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"100\"><strong>\u8aa4\u5224\u7387<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"200\"><strong>\u91dd\u5c0d\u865b\u64ec\u74b0\u5883\u653b\u64ca\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u884c\uff1f\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"100\">PCM<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">TSX<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\u6709\u4fdd\u8b77<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\u9ad8<\/td>\n<td width=\"200\">\u662f<br \/>\n(\u5982\u679c\u865b\u64ec\u6a5f\u5668\u5167\u63d0\u4f9b TSX \u5ef6\u4f38\u6307\u4ee4\u96c6\uff1b\u5728\u6211\u5011\u6e2c\u8a66\u7684\u865b\u64ec\u6a5f\u5668\u7576\u4e2d\u4e26\u672a\u63d0\u4f9b)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"100\">ktrace<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">TSX<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\u7121\u4fdd\u8b77<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\u672a\u6e2c\u8a66<\/td>\n<td width=\"200\">\u662f<br \/>\n(\u5982\u679c\u865b\u64ec\u6a5f\u5668\u5167\u63d0\u4f9b TSX \u5ef6\u4f38\u6307\u4ee4\u96c6\uff1b\u5728\u6211\u5011\u6e2c\u8a66\u7684\u865b\u64ec\u6a5f\u5668\u7576\u4e2d\u4e26\u672a\u63d0\u4f9b)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"100\">PCM<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\u689d\u4ef6\u5206\u652f<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\u6709\u4fdd\u8b77<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\u9ad8<\/td>\n<td width=\"200\">\u662f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"100\">ktrace<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\u689d\u4ef6\u5206\u652f<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\u7121\u4fdd\u8b77<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\u672a\u6e2c\u8a66<\/td>\n<td width=\"200\">\u662f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"100\">PCM<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\u7121 (\u76f4\u63a5\u5b58\u53d6\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4)<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\u6709\u4fdd\u8b77<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\u9ad8<\/td>\n<td width=\"200\">\u662f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"100\">ktrace<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\u7121 (\u76f4\u63a5\u5b58\u53d6\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4)<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\u6709\u4fdd\u8b77<\/td>\n<td width=\"100\">\u4f4e<\/td>\n<td width=\"200\">\u662f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><em>\u5716 6\uff1a\u6211\u5011\u4f7f\u7528\u6838\u5fc3\u8ffd\u8e64\u7a0b\u5f0f ktrace \u548c\u6548\u80fd\u76e3\u8996\u5668\u7a0b\u5f0f (PCM) \u7684\u6e2c\u8a66\u7d50\u679c\u6458\u8981\uff1b<\/em><br \/>\n<em>\u6bcf\u4e00\u7a2e\u65c1\u9053\u653b\u64ca\u6280\u5de7\u7686\u63a1\u7528 Flush-Reload \u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/em><br \/>\n<em>\u8a3b\uff1aSpectre \u548c Meltdown \u7686\u4f7f\u7528\u689d\u4ef6\u5206\u652f\u6982\u5ff5\u9a57\u8b49\u653b\u64ca\u4f86\u907f\u514d\u7522\u751f\u4f8b\u5916\u932f\u8aa4 (exception)\u3002\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b ktrace \u7121\u6cd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fdd\u8b77\u6216\u5075\u6e2c\u653b\u64ca\u3002<\/em><br \/>\n<em><strong>\u7d55\u7121\u842c\u9748\u4e39<\/strong><\/em><br \/>\n\u63a1\u7528\u6838\u5fc3\u8ffd\u8e64\u8207 SIGSEV \u8a0a\u865f\u7684\u5075\u6e2c\u6280\u5de7\uff0c\u78ba\u5be6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5075\u6e2c Meltdown \u6f0f\u6d1e\u653b\u64ca (\u53ea\u8981\u7cfb\u7d71\u74b0\u5883\u300c\u4e0d\u63d0\u4f9b\u300dTSX-NI \u5ef6\u4f38\u6307\u4ee4\u96c6)\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u8996 CPU \u800c\u5b9a (\u4ea6\u5373\u662f\u5426\u70ba <a href=\"https:\/\/software.intel.com\/en-us\/blogs\/2012\/02\/07\/transactional-synchronization-in-haswell\">Haswell \u5fae\u67b6\u69cb<\/a>\u00a0\u7684 Intel \u8655\u7406\u5668)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u76ee\u524d\u5df2\u6709\u4e9b\u5de5\u5177\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4f86\u6aa2\u67e5 Intel TSX-NI \u5ef6\u4f38\u6307\u4ee4\u96c6\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u7528\u3002\u6839\u64da Intel \u7684 64 \u4f4d\u5143\u548c IA-32 \u67b6\u69cb\u8edf\u9ad4\u958b\u767c\u4eba\u54e1\u624b\u518a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u4f7f\u7528 cupid \u6307\u4ee4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7576\u7cfb\u7d71\u74b0\u5883\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b CPU \u6548\u80fd\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u8cc7\u6599\u6642\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u9019\u4e9b\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u4f86\u5075\u6e2c\u5feb\u53d6\u65c1\u9053\u653b\u64ca\u3002\u5728\u6709\u5b89\u88dd perf-tools \u7684 Linux \u4e0a\uff0c\u8981\u6aa2\u67e5\u7cfb\u7d71\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u63d0\u4f9b\u6548\u80fd\u8a08\u6578\u5668\uff0c\u53ef\u4f7f\u7528\u9019\u9053\u6307\u4ee4\uff1a\u300cperf stat -e -a cache-references,cache-misses,LLC-loads,LLC-load-misses\u300d\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6578\u7684\u865b\u64ec\u74b0\u5883 (Amazon AWS\u3001Azure\u3001Virtual Box) \u9810\u8a2d\u90fd\u4e0d\u63d0\u4f9b\u786c\u9ad4\u6548\u80fd\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u82e5\u662f VMware \u7684\u8a71\u5247\u6709\u9078\u9805\u53ef\u4ee5\u555f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u5e73\u53f0\u4e0a\uff0c\u5982 Windows \u548c macOS\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8981\u8b80\u53d6\u6548\u80fd\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u82b1\u8cbb\u66f4\u591a\u529f\u592b\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u6578\u503c\u7121\u6cd5\u5f9e\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u6a21\u5f0f\u8b80\u53d6\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u85c9\u7531\u9069\u7576\u7684\u9a45\u52d5\u7a0b\u5f0f\u4f86\u8b80\u53d6\u9019\u4e9b\u6578\u503c\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u9032\u884c\u53d6\u6a23\u4e26\u4e14\u53d6\u5f97\u9020\u6210\u5feb\u53d6\u5931\u8aa4\u98c6\u9ad8\u7684\u8655\u7406\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8b58\u5225\u78bc (PID)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5efa\u8b70\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u9019\u5957\u5075\u6e2c\u65b9\u6cd5\u6642\u8981\u91dd\u5c0d\u57f7\u884c\u74b0\u5883\u8abf\u6821\u4e00\u4e9b\u53c3\u6578\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u5229\u7528\u8b66\u793a\u4f86\u505a\u5224\u65b7 (\u96a8\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u800c\u7570)\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4f5c\u6cd5\u53ef\u63d0\u4f9b\u57f7\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8b58\u5225\u78bc (PID) \u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u8b58\u5225\u78bc (TID)\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u624d\u80fd\u91dd\u5c0d\u6709\u554f\u984c\u7684\u8655\u7406\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6216\u57f7\u884c\u7dd2\u63a1\u53d6\u884c\u52d5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u53d6\u6a23\u671f\u9593\u4e5f\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u5075\u6e2c\u7684\u654f\u611f\u5ea6\uff1a\u63d0\u9ad8\u53d6\u6a23\u7387\u53ef\u4ee5\u964d\u4f4e\u8aa4\u5224\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u99ed\u5ba2\u7bc0\u594f\u6293\u5f97\u597d\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u8eb2\u904e\u5075\u6e2c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u8b80\u53d6\u5c11\u91cf\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u4e4b\u5f8c\u5c31\u4f11\u606f\u4e00\u6bb5\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u56fa\u7136\u6703\u6e1b\u7de9\u653b\u64ca\u901f\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u6b21\u8b80\u53d6\u4e00\u5927\u584a\u8a18\u61b6\u9ad4\u5167\u5bb9\u5c31\u6703\u89f8\u767c\u8b66\u793a\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8f03\u4f4e\u7684\u53d6\u6a23\u7387\u5bb9\u6613\u9020\u6210\u8f03\u591a\u8aa4\u5224\u3002\u6211\u5011\u767c\u73fe VMware \u7576\u4e2d\u7684\u6548\u80fd\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u6c92\u6709\u5be6\u9ad4\u6a5f\u5668\u4f86\u5f97\u654f\u611f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7d93\u904e\u9a57\u8b49\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u80fd\u53d6\u5f97\u786c\u9ad4\u7684\u6548\u80fd\u8a08\u6578\u5668\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u9019\u5957\u6280\u5de7\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5075\u6e2c\u63a1\u7528 FLUSH+RELOAD \u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u5feb\u53d6\u65c1\u9053\u653b\u64ca\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u4ecd\u8981\u91dd\u5c0d\u57f7\u884c\u74b0\u5883\u9032\u884c\u4e00\u756a\u6e2c\u8a66\u548c\u8abf\u6821\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5075\u6e2c\u548c\u9632\u7bc4 Meltdown \u548c Spectre \u6f0f\u6d1e\u653b\u64ca\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u78ba\u5be6\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u5957\u842c\u7528\u7684\u89e3\u6c7a\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u9632\u7bc4\u6642\u9084\u8981\u8003\u616e\u591a\u7a2e\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u800c\u5075\u6e2c\u6a5f\u5236\u4e5f\u8981\u770b\u500b\u5225\u74b0\u5883\u662f\u5426\u63d0\u4f9b\u6240\u9700\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u9762\u5c0d\u4e0d\u65b7\u6f14\u8b8a\u7684\u5a01\u8105\uff0c\u8cc7\u5b89\u610f\u8b58\u8207\u4e3b\u52d5\u5075\u6e2c\u56fa\u7136\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4f46\u7e31\u6df1\u9632\u79a6\u4e5f\u540c\u6a23\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u63a1\u53d6\u4e00\u5957\u4e3b\u52d5\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u61c9\u8b8a\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u5075\u6e2c\u5a01\u8105\u653b\u64ca\u904e\u7a0b\u7684\u5fb5\u5146\uff0c\u8b93\u4f01\u696d\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u56e0\u61c9\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u9632\u7bc4\u50cf Meltdown \u548c Spectre \u9019\u9ebc\u5f71\u97ff\u6df1\u9060\u7684\u6f0f\u6d1e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u539f\u6587\u51fa\u8655\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.trendmicro.com\/trendlabs-security-intelligence\/detecting-attacks-that-exploit-meltdown-and-spectre-with-performance-counters\/?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Anti-MalwareBlog+%28Trendlabs+Security+Intelligence+Blog%29\">Detecting Attacks that Exploit Meltdown and Spectre with Performance Counters<\/a> \u4f5c\u8005\uff1aDavid Fiser \u8207 William Gamazo Sanchez<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u91dd\u5c0d\u77e5\u540d\u6f0f\u6d1e Meltdown \u548c Spectre \u7684\u653b\u64ca\u76ee\u524d\u6216\u8a31\u4ecd\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u9a57\u8b49 (PoC) \u968e\u6bb5\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5982\u67d0\u4e9b\u5831 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_wpscppro_dont_share_socialmedia":false,"_wpscppro_custom_social_share_image":0,"_facebook_share_type":"","_twitter_share_type":"","_linkedin_share_type":"","_pinterest_share_type":"","_linkedin_share_type_page":"","_instagram_share_type":"","_medium_share_type":"","_threads_share_type":"","_google_business_share_type":"","_selected_social_profile":[],"_wpsp_enable_custom_social_template":false,"_wpsp_social_scheduling":{"enabled":false,"datetime":null,"platforms":[],"status":"template_only","dateOption":"today","timeOption":"now","customDays":"","customHours":"","customDate":"","customTime":"","schedulingType":"absolute"},"_wpsp_active_default_template":true},"categories":[3650,156,179],"tags":[3687,3688,2292],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.trendmicro.com.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54906"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.trendmicro.com.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.trendmicro.com.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.trendmicro.com.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.trendmicro.com.tw\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=54906"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blog.trendmicro.com.tw\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54906\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.trendmicro.com.tw\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=54906"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.trendmicro.com.tw\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=54906"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.trendmicro.com.tw\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=54906"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}